Political Philosophy Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Philosophy Questions - Essay Example He argues that for a general will to be real, it must come from everyone for everybody hence having a formal and substantive aspect. Formally, in the sense that application of the law should be general such that it applies on every person. The general will institute human rights because it is a force of the just and good as it is independent and sovereign. Through this, the community is under the control of everybody and their rights therefore no one can take any action without the permission from all. There is removal of individual achievements through this kind of dependency because all the power is in the sovereign of the community. When there is a major decision to make, they participate in voting instead of the benefit of a debate. Political communities can be of great use in releasing people from their mistaken perception, conflicts, and corruption. General will is supreme and everyone despite his or her position in the society has to obey it fairly. The rulers in political history who have employed general will in ruling in their administration have clearly shown a vibrant benevolence and love for humanity (â€Å"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy†). Participatory democracy is the process of stressing the participation of constituents in the operation of a political system. It tries to make every member of a population make valid contribution in decision-making process. Representative democracy is the process of electing representatives through elections so that they can represent a group of people in the decision-making processes. There are two possible ways of combining both democracies through coexistence at diverse levels and complementariness. That is an interaction between participatory and representative democracies. For instance, when there is a decision to make from a political society, in order to increases participation at the local level politicians can return the power that was

People of Britain Essay Example for Free

People of Britain Essay The emergence of television as a mass medium of communication was the key turning point in improving leisure opportunities for the ordinary people of Britain. How far do you agree with this statement? At the beginning of the 20th century, the lives of ordinary people were not ideally suited to the world of leisure. An urbanised workforce and an economy geared toward industry saw lower-class people working long hours at a low pay rate. This style of living left hardly any free time and disposable income, both key requirements for leisure opportunities. The aristocracy had always revelled in the world of leisure; their high incomes and low maintenance professions gave them a perfect framework for pursuits such as dancing, theatre going, hunting, socialising and horse riding. Although there were popular activities of the working classes family games within the home for example, or more commonly, an evening spent in the local pub leisure was limited. I believe that television was the key form of mass communication to improve the leisure opportunities of the working classes as it was accessible, cheap, and knew how to cater for changing styles and tastes. When television was first introduced on a wide scale in 1936 only a small percentage of the British public owned a television license. Its initial emergence as a mass medium was therefore not a turning point, as the ordinary people simply did not have access to it. It was difficult for television to flourish before the fifties anyway, due to the condition of Britain prior to world war two. The earliest form of television had actually been introduced in the late twenties for a trial run, but the economic slump of the decade guaranteed an impossible environment in which to launch it. The British workers were in a poor situation, and leisure opportunities would have been at the bottom of their priorities list. Shortly afterward, the country was gearing up for war and with the emphasis on this preparation the BBC was forced by the government to shut down television broadcasting until 1945. As a result of the impracticalities of earlier decades, television was not a widespread phenomenon until the 1950s, when in 1952 the first televised coronation of Elizabeth II took place, with the BBC dedicating a whole day to the coverage. 50% of the population watched the ceremony (a figure of around 25 million people) and sales of television sets rocketed prior to the event. I would argue that it was the 1950s and onwards, in which television became a crucial part of ordinary peoples leisure time. As part of the consumer culture of the fifties, the sale of television sets increased massively more than 42,000 sets were sold every month in 1950 and this figure had more than tripled by the mid 1950s when 140,500 sets were sold per month in Britain. Television seemed to be ideally suited to the working classes; it was cheap (after the initial purchase of the set and a television license, no extra fees were needed), based in the home (travelling would have cost extra money), family orientated (working class families were usually larger than those of other classes) and a relaxing leisure pursuit after a long day at work. The environment of the 1950s was significantly different from those of the 20s, 30s and 40s. Britain was considerably wealthier due to the post-war boom shared by other countries such as America, there was full employment and the importance of leisure seemed to grow especially with the influence of 1950s American youth culture. Televisions ability to change and adapt to the interests of the ordinary classes and the youth of the decade was also something that set it aside from other forms of mass communication. Whilst BBC radio had come under criticism for being too elitist, television (especially during the 1960s) made a real effort to represent the working classes. By the late 50s ITV was producing very popular variety shows- a mix of comedy, music and other light entertainment wrapped in a family package which appealed to a mass audience. Televisions interest in the needs and wants of the majority continued into the sixties. The 1960s has been described as the decade of television revolution, with the introduction of many new programmes designed for the working classes. The new ITV channel had been very successful since its launch in 195_ and the BBC split into BBC1 and BBC2 in the early sixties, with colour being introduced in 1968.

Capital structure

Capital structure Does capital structure affect firm value? Hypothesis: H0 : There is no a significant relationship between capital structure and their total market value in the stock exchange Thailand. H1: There is a significant relationship between capital structure and their total market value in the stock exchange Thailand. Research question Are there any optimal capital structure of firms in stock exchange Thailand and to examine for the relationship between capital structure and company value. Does capital structure affect firm value? An empirical analysis of firms listed in energy and utilities sector in stock exchange Thailand (SET) 1.Introduction 1.1 Background of study Capital structure plays an important role in financial management of the company. Every firms can mix of debt and equity in different way in order to increase the wealth of ordinary shareholder. There are several type of debt and equity such as common share, preference share ,hybrids ,convertible bonds and so on. Therefore the firms can raise debt and equity finance in countless combination because they need to find the best combination that minimize the weigh average cost of capital and to achieve the objective of management is to maximize the firm value. Basically better management can increase the shareholders wealth by considering the investment project with optimal gearing ratio. From that point of view nevertheless the positive investment project increase the wealth of shareholder , the financial decision is also the key to prospect company future. Groth and Anderson (1997)stated that â€Å"understanding capital structure and its practical implications is important to the professional manager regardless of functional area of expertise. The seminal work in the area of capital structure earned the researchers Nobel Prizes†. Therefore the financial managers would have a duty to determine which debt and equity are used in the capital structure could increase wealth. Typically each company is seeking for profitability by use any strategies that can bring down low cost and gain the company return and value for the operating side. In additional to the financial side is to get the efficiency combination of debt and equity because it reduces the cost of capital. However there are several debates for which capital structure do effect the company value. Is it possible to increase shareholder wealth by changing the gearing ratio or level? How can we find an optimal capital structure? Hence, in this paper will mostly discuss the literature reviews and the research methodology for answering that question. 1.2 Statement of problem Over the past decades, there have been a large number of theoretical and empirical studies appeared. The first famous theory that has been issued by Modigliani and Millers in 1958 was known as proposition 1mention that where the firms are running in the same type of business at the same particular operating risks their capital structure is irrelevant to shareholder wealth. Therefore the firm must have the same total value and they can issue any mix of fund. However the proposition 1 is based on the perfection of capital market and ignore tax , the costs of bankruptancy, financial distress and so on but in the real situation the market is seem to be imperfect. Myer(2001) argued that capital structure theory depend on some circumstances . Each theory can give us the different result regard the cost and benefits from financial strategies. This study will therefore answer the question to what extend different theories of capital structure can identify the impact on the company value in stock exchange Thailand market and are there any relationship between the capital structure and the financial performance of the company. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Modiglini and Miler Theory of capital structure Nowadays most of literature review and article have examined and expanded from the famous theory of Modiglini and Miller theory of capital structure. Start with the theory published in 1958 under assumption that in a perfect market the value of the firm is unaffected by its choice of capital structure. Therefore the total value of the firm is stable regardless of debt to equity ratio. To give support under this assumption imagine that two firm with the same operation of business but different in capital structure. Where firm U is unlevered ,the total value of its equity (EU) is the same as the total value of the firm (VU) . Additionally where the firm L is levered, thus the total value of the firm L is equal to the value of the debt less value of the equity of the firm L. As a result the total value for both company will be the same. Because Modiglini and Miler (1958) believe that when there are no taxes and capital markets function well , it makes no different whether the firm should borrow or individual shareholders should borrow . The market value of a company does not depend on its capital structure. They proved the assumption by represent that the arbitrage opportunity would emerge if the total value of the firm relevant to capital structure. The arbitrage should not be in the practical and real situation. The proposition 1 can be illustrated as VL = VU or Value of the levered firm = Value of unlevered firm In order to prove that their proposition (1958) was viable , They make assumption that there are no tax and transaction cost exist in the market. Individual and corporation can borrow at the same rate. However there are a large number of articles argued with his article because it seems to be unrealistic. Thus, in 1963 Modiglini and Miller published second literature which is known as preposition 2 to modify and fix proposition 1 by considering the corporation tax. It stated that the expected rate of return on the common stock of a levered firm increases in proportion to the debt-equity ratio. While proposition 1 says that financial leverage has no effect on shareholder wealth. In contrast to proposition 2 says that the expected rate of return increases as the firms debt to equity ration increases. This means that when the debt-equity ratio increases the risk is also increases and therefore shareholders expect the high rate of return according to the level of risk they face. Hence, the firm can take benefit as levered firm rather than keep the status as unlevered firm because the corporation can deduct interest payment as an expense but dividend payment are non deductible. As Modiglini and Miller theory stated that the optimal capital structure will exist where the cost of capital or weigh average cost of capital (WACC) minimize and the total market value of the firm maximize. Modiglini and Miller theory with tax illustrated that gearing up by raising debt finance rather than equity finance reduces the WACC and the value of the firm rise. Finally an optimal capital structure does exist at point where debt is 100% The proposition 2 can formulate as: Value of levered firm = Value of un-levered firm + Value of tax saving It is used under assumptions that there is corporation tax in the market but without transaction cost exists. The individual and corporation can still borrow money at the same rate. Therefore the best of capital structure should be 100% debt finance because of tax deductible on interest. Under criticism of theory there are a great amount of articles expanded due to can not used in the real world. 2.2 Trade off Theory of capital structure The trade off theory explains the idea how the firm chooses to raise equity and debt finance by balancing the costs and benefits. Brealey and Myer (2008) presented that each firm should set their own target debt ratio which is vary from firm to firm. The firms with safe tangible asset and plenty of taxable income to shield ought to have high target ratio. Unprofitable companies with risky intangible assets ought to rely primarily on equity financing. Trade off theory has been used widely for study corporate of capital structure because it justify the fact that to raise part of debt finance the company obtain benefit from tax saving nevertheless the firm face with the cost of capital such as cost of financial distress including bankruptcy cost and financial distress without bankruptcy mostly related to customers and suppliers because they are extra cautious about for the firm that may not be around for long. Potential employee leaving or difficult to recruit is also costly for financial distress. In addition to the firm increase gearing result in an increased level of financial risk. So that the shareholder require higher expected return in order to compensate that financial risk. However there are several articles has been question about the relevance of trade off theory. Brealey and Myer (2008) stated that the trade off theory of capital structure can explain how company actually behave because this theory successfully explains many industry differences in capital structure. High technology growth companies whose asset are risky and mostly intangible normally use relatively little debt. Graham and Harvey(2001) pointed out that Airlines can and do borrow heavily because their assets are tangible and relatively safe. There is some evidence that in contrast to the trade off theory of capital structure in real life that the most profitable companies commonly borrow the least (Ward ,1999). Because under this theory it stated that high profits should mean more debt capacity and more tax saving as a result give a higher target debt ratio. 2.3 Bankruptcy cost Corporate bankruptcies concept does exist when stock holders exercise their right to default. Where the firm is coping with the problem but the limited liabilities allows stockholders to diminish and leaving all trouble to their creditor. The former creditors then become the new stockholders and the previous stockholder left with nothing (Brealey and Myer 2008) Warner (1977) classify two type of bankruptcy costs which are direct and indirect. Direct costs include lawyers fee , accountants fee and the value of the managerial time spent in administering the bankruptcy cost. Indirect costs include lost sales, lost profits and possibly the inability of the firm to obtain credit or to issue securities except under especially onerous terms. He did the research by investigate 11 railroads to seek the relationship between bankruptcy costs and the market value of the firm. The evidence shows that while the higher market value railroads generally did incur higher bankruptcy cost, the cost do not appear to be directly proportional to market value. While Warner supported the direct bankruptcy cost, Baxter(1967) introduced the indirect bankruptcy cost. He developed optimal capital structure models which incorporated bankruptcy cost. These model show that the value of a firm is maximized by increasing the level of debt financing to a point where the marginal present value benefit of the tax shied equal the marginal present value of the cost of bankruptcy. Extentions of the Modigliani-Miller theory have been provided by many researchers. Titman(1984) refers the idea of indirect bankruptcy cost . He argues that stakeholders not represented at the bankruptcy bargaining table, such as customers, can suffer material costs resulting from the bankruptcy. He shows that the bankruptcy status may occur according to the firm ‘s liquidation decision. He pointed out that the firms end up with the cost that can impose on their customers, suppliers and workers by liquidating are relevant to their capital structure decision. Titman and Wassels (1988) refer there are plenty of authors have suggested that leverage ratio may be related to the firm size. They proved that direct bankruptcy costs seem to constitute a larger proportion of a firms value as that value decreases. The large firm tends to be more diversified and less prone to bankruptcy. As a result , large firm should be more highly leverages 2.4 The Pecking order Theory There is an argument that there is not necessary to find an optimal capital structure through the theory. Therefore the pecking order Theory refer to the idea that the investment is financed first with internal funds, reinvested earnings primarily and then by new issues of debt and finally with new issues of equity. New equity issue are a last resort when the company runs out of debt capacity. (Brealey and Myer 2008) In contrast to the static trade off theory Myers(1984) summarizes the concept of pecking order theory as follow: 1. Firms prefer internal finance. 2. They adapt their target dividend payout ratios to their investment opportunities, while trying to avoid sudden changes in dividends. 3. Sticky dividend policies, plus unpredictable fluctuations in profitability and investment opportunities mean that internally generated cash flow may be more or less than investment outlay . If it is less,the firm first draw down the cash balance or marketable securities. 4. If external finance is required, firms issue the safest security first. That is ,they start with debt,then possibly hybrid securities such as convertible bonds,then perhaps equity as a last resort. Base on the theory,there is no well-defined target debt-equity mix because there are two kinds of equity,internal and external,one at the top of pecking order and one at the bottom. Each firms observed debt ratio reflects its cumulative requirements for external finance. Brealey and Myer (2008) explain why the most profitable firms generally borrow less not because they have low target debt ratios but they dont need outside money. In the opposite way ,less profitable firms issue debt because they do not have internal sufficient fund for investment and debt financing is first resort for external financing following to the pecking order theory 2.5 The agency cost Previously Modiglini and Miller theory(1958) ignored taxation. Since then 1963 they amended the model by implication corporation tax. From that point it is suggested that the higher the level of taxation, the lower the combined cost of capital. That means if the firm use higher level of the gearing ,the higher the value of the company. The company financial strategy should choose a 99.9% gearing level However in practice most of the firm can not go for high levels of gearing because according to Modiglini and Miller theory is still far from perfect. They distort the problems which can occur from raising high level of gearing such as bankruptcy risk. There is the possibility of bankruptcy as gearing increase result in increase the WACC and the value of the share price reduce. Agency cost is also the main problem does not exist in Modiglini and Miller theory. Jensen and Meckling (1976) argued that the combination of debt and equity does affect the cost such as agency cost, bankruptcy cost and so on. The benefit of tax saving of raising debt produces an optimal capital structure less than a 100% because the benefit form tax is traded off offset the likelihood of incurring the costs. Jensen and Meckling(1976) define an agency relationship as a contract under which one or more persons (the principal) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involve delegation some decision making authority to the agent. If both parties to the relationship are utility maximizes, there is good reason to believe that the agent will not always act in the best interest of the principal. In addition, they identify and examine the concept of agency costs by generating the existence of debt and outside equity. They found that bondholders agency cost move in reverse direction. It is falling when the level of debt increase. Thus,it follows that at some point the minimum cost of agency will exist by combined the firms debt and equity securities. 3. Research objective The main objective for the corporate finance to study capital structure is to review the literature of capital structure in different theories according to their effect on company value and test the implication of theories that seek to justify an optimal capital structure Since 1958 Modigliani and Miller model stated that the value of the company is irrespective to the capital structure. Based on that model MM make assumption for the perfect market so they ignore the tax issue , losses from bankruptcy cost , the agency cost and so on. As a result there are several literatures have been expanded from Modigliani and Miller model. Thus, this study paper is seeking for investigation and gives the explanation for the existence of optimal capital structure and the financial performance. The aim of this research is to answer the question whether the relationship between the capital structure and the value of the firm. 4.Research Methodology In order to answer the question of the project . It is necessary to set up the hypotheses then answer them. The hypotheses to be tested for this project are as follow: HO : There is no a significant relationship between capital structure and their total market value in the Stock Exchange Thailand (SET) H1 : There is a significant relationship between capital structure and their total market value in the Stock Exchange Thailand (SET) Sampling Method Additionally, this study also gain the data from sampling method. It is very practical and to prove that the project is reliable by identify the group of data which is the listed firms of energy and utilities sector in the stock exchange Thailand (SET). The project represents 25 listed companies ,the total amount of the share is 287,181,000 and the market value is 8,551,158,000 baht. It can be stated that the market value of the share for group representative is significantly more than half of the whole total market value(19,130,000,000baht). Therefore they can be good sample of the project. Explanatory Variables It is important to justify the variables that do affect the company value In this study there are as follow: 1.Earning per share (EPS) Earning per share is widely used to measure company success therefore it is the basic tool to indicate the company performance. Earning per share = profit after interest, after tax and after preference dividends/number of ordinary share in issue 2. Gearing Gearing is used to measure of risks. High gearing mean high risk . Gearing = Total Debt/shareholder equity 3. Dividend per share (DPS) The dividend per share is calculated to show the shareholder how much of the overall dividend payout they are entitle to Dividend per share = total ordinary dividend/total number/total number of share issued 4.Return on equity (ROE) Return on equity measures how much profit a company generates for its ordinary shareholders with the money they have invested in the company. ROE = Profit after tax and preference dividends/Ordinary share capital plus reserveÃâ€"100% 5.Data collection Methods Research design mainly focuses on data collection and sources. Therefore to research for this project will use the quantitative analysis by use the secondary data that has already been researched because of limited resources. The second data can collect from the journal of finance Economics, Journal of Banking and Finance, textbook from library, the stock market data, the financial annual report and so on. Most of the source of data such as financial statement , dividend payout ,the data from stock market to use calculate the variables is mainly available from website http://www.setsmart.com. It is the source of data open public for the investor who interested to buy the share in stock exchange Thailand (SET). However to acquire the information must have the username and password. 6. Project Planning Process Aug09 Sep09 Oct09 Nov09 Dec09 Jan10 Revised literature review * Data analysis procedures customization * * * Development of the detailed methodology * * * Secondary data collecting * * * Secondary data analysis and interpretation * * Preparing questionnaire for interviews * * Carrying out interviews * Transcribing interviews * Chapters writing and coordinating with supervisor * * * Summarized analysis of findings * * Draft Conclusions * Draft Recommendations * Final conclusions, recommendations * Project Final submission * 7. Bibliography and References Brealey,R.A.and Myers,S.C.and Allen,F.(2008) ‘Principle of Corporate Finance.9th edition.Boston:Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin Graham,J. and Harvey, C. The theory and practice of corporate finance : evidence from the field.Journal of Financial Economics 60 (May/June2001),pp.187-244. Groth, J. and Anderson, R.(1997), capital Structure: Perspectives for Managers,Management Decision Jensen,M.C.and Meckling,W.H.(1976) Theory of the firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 3, No. 4,(July 1, 1976).Available at SSRN:http://ssrn.com/abstract=94043 10.2139/ssrn.94043.(accessed:24/08/09) Modigliani, F.; Miller, M. (1958). ‘The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment. American Economic Review 48 (3): 261-297. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/1809766.(accessed:21/08/09) Modigliani, F.; Miller, M. (1963). ‘Corporate income taxes and the cost of capital: a correction. American Economic Review 53 (3): 433-443. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/1809167. (accessed:22/08/09) Myers, S.C., 1984, The Capital Structure Puzzle, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 39, No. 3, Papers and Proceedings, Forty-Second Annual Meeting, American Finance Association, July, pp. 575-592 Myers,S.C.(1984)The capital Structure Puzzle. The journal of finance,Vol.39,No.3,(July 1984),pp575-592. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2327916.(accessed:23/08/09) Oscar,B.U shaped cost of equity function? Digging into Modigliani-Miller(1958)Mistake'(September2006). Available at SSRN:http://ssrn.com/abstract=934550(accessed:21/08/09) Titman,S.(1984).The effect of capital structure on a firms liquidation decision.The Journal of finance Economics 13 (March 1984),pp.137-151. Titman,S.and Wessels,R.(1988) ‘The Determinants of capital structure choice.The Journal of finance Economics43 (March 1988),pp1-19. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2328319?seq=6.(accessed:23/08/09) Wald,J.K.,How firm characteristics after capital structure : An International comparison.Journal of Financial Resarch22 ( Summer1999),pp.161-187. Warner,J.B.(1977)Bankruptcy Costs:Some evidence. The Journal of Finance,Vol32,Issue2, (May,1977),pp337-347.

Wordsworths Ode: Intimations of Immortality :: Wordsworth Ode immortality intimations Essays

Wordsworth's Ode: Intimations of Immortality The fifth stanza of Wordsworth’s â€Å"Ode: Intimations of Immortality† is especially interesting to me because of the images it presents. It is at this point in the poem that Wordsworth resumes his writing after a two-year hiatus. In the fourth stanza, he poses the question, â€Å"Whither is fled the visionary gleam?† Stanza five is the beginning of his own answers to that question. Contrary to popular enlightenment ideas, Wordsworth suggests that rather than become more knowledgeable with age, man if fact is born with â€Å"vision splendid† and as he ages, that vision â€Å"dies away† and he left empty. This stanza is dominated by the Christian ideas of being made in God’s image. However, man does not remain in that image. His â€Å"birth is but a sleep and a forgetting,† and as his life progresses he moves farther and farther from the glorious ideal he had in childhood. Throughout much of his poetry, Wordsworth asserts that in childhood, one can â€Å"see† but is unaware of that ability, whereas in adulthood, one cannot see and is painfully aware of his situation. It is only through conscious thought and reflection that man can begin to find a state similar to his original one. The question, then, is why children, who take nature for granted, are given the opportunity to connect so closely with it. It would appear that the fact that children do not realize what they have is the very reason for their having it. Thus, the losing of that knowledge with age allows man to feel the loss, and forces him to find a solution, just as Wordsworth has done. In stanz a ten, he tells the reader that the true essence of humanity is the ability to feel pain and have memories of better times. Through these painful or happy memories, man is able achieve the philosophical state of mind, and in the end to love nature â€Å"even more† than he did in youth.

Expressionism & art Essay

Expressionism is a complex and often contradictory movement. It encompasses the excavation of the psyche while liberating the body. Expressionism generally refers to anything that was not impressionism; it could even include anti-impressionistic work. Up to the outbreak of World War I, the term â€Å"expressionism† was used to describe any art work that was fauviste, futurist, modern, or cubist. Expressionism has qualities that are a more sensitive perception of the world. It attempts to portray the mind of the artist, shaping the figures which an artist paints or writes about. (â€Å"Expressionism (literature)†) Subjective human experience plays a large role in expressionist art. Because of this, expressionism has potential for despair and anguish, which is quite unlike any artistic movement that came before it. (Bassie, 7-10) Expressionism was not a strict movement; unlike surrealism or naturalism in literature or impressionism in painting, expressionism was the offering of ideas, not techniques. (â€Å"Expressionism in Literature†) For example, after World War I, people were anxious and aware that they were vulnerable. Expressionists worked through these emotions, through the fears of atomic war, creating art that was based on their own experiences and feelings. They refused to set limits on the emotional content of their work. (Sandler, 29-30) Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis and Max Beckmann’s Departure are both expressionistic, however, Kafka’s story is the more powerful example of the qualities of expressionism. In Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, there is a passage where Gregor describes the horrors of his daily, a job he never wanted. Gregor mentions that he travels for a living, that that it is â€Å"much more than working in the home office. † He goes on to describe what he experiences and wishes that â€Å"the devil take it all! † (Kafka, 688) This passage from Kafka’s The Metamorphosis exhibits expressionism because it expresses Gregor’s human feelings, even though he has been transformed into an insect. It shows how he really feels, including anxiety and despair. For example, he speaks of his job, even the smallest detail. He detests his job, only working at it because his father owed Gregor’s boss money. He details the commute, the sub par room-and-board, and the fact that he does not have any intimate friends, only acquaintances. However, later in the story, Gregor does begin to lose all of these feelings in favor of his feelings of being an insect. He begins to enjoy rotten cheese and climbing the walls of his bedroom. When his family forgets, or rather begins to not care, about him, transforming his bedroom into a storage area that he has to live with, Gregor realizes his feelings as an insect. According to Gustav Janouch, Kafka himself described The Metamorphosis as his own idea of horror. (1477) This transformation, like that of his physical being, is the embodiment of expressionism. This passage, as well as the entire story, is a telling of change, from one state of being to another, from one process of thinking to another. It shows the human experience not because it deals with changing into an insect, but because each individual questions the nature of their existence; their job, their family life, and their inner purpose. Max Beckmann’s Departure exhibits expressionism because it shows human suffering and peace. In the first panel, people are tied up, perhaps being tortured, but clearly in agony. In the second panel, there are three individuals on a boat, seemingly at ease, catching fish. In the third panel, two individuals are tied together, bodies flush against each other, one upside down, the other right side up. It also looks as though a bird is pecking at one of the individuals. Some believe that Beckmann’s work is obscure, dense, and beyond understanding (Finch), however, that is not true of any work of art. Two out of the three panels show human suffering, which holds the majority in the world. Human suffering is experienced by more individuals at more points during their lives than any other feeling. That is the nature of life, the nature of the world. However, peace is also experienced, although not as frequently. For the individuals in the second panel, they seem content with where they are. Everyone experiences contentment in their lives, but for some it occurs so infrequently that those peaceful moments are overshadowed by suffering. This painting could also express Beckmann’s move from Frankfurt to Berlin when the Nazis came to power in the 1930s. (â€Å"Departure†) For example, the individuals in the second panel could be traveling. The first and third panels could represent where they came from and where they were going. Beckmann did not want to leave Frankfurt, but he was forced to leave, and Berlin held nothing for him. In both the first and third panels, individuals are shown as suffering. Perhaps this is what Beckmann was feeling due to his forced move. Expressionism manifests itself in different ways between literary and visual art works. In literary works, feelings are told as well as shown. One can show despair through description of detail and character development. The reader knows somewhat of a character’s past, and perhaps how they got to where they are in a story. One does not experience this is visual art. One can only look at a painting and contemplate and interpret what happened before and what would happen after, but there is no definite answer. The feeling interpreted from a painting are perhaps those that the viewer has imposed on it, not the feelings that the artist wanted to convey. Everyone has their own vision and opinion; with writing, feelings and experiences are laid out clearly, with paintings, feelings and experiences are more the viewer’s than the artist’s. Because of these reasons, the literary arts can be more expressionistic than the visual arts. For example, Kafka’s The Metamorphosis is more expressionistic than Beckmann’s Departure because Kafka’s story is straightforward about the characters’ feelings, while Beckmann’s painting is left too much up to viewer interpretation. Feelings expressed through art, if any, should be those of the artist who created it, not of the patron. – Bassie, Ashley. Expressionism. New York: Artists Rights Society, 2005. – Bloom, Harold. Franz Kafka. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House Publishers, 2003. – â€Å"Departure. † Online Design Museum. 21 May 2009. http://www. cs. wayne. edu/~zhw/csc691/tour1pic1detail. html – â€Å"Expressionism. † Abstract Art. 21 May 2009. http://abstractart. 20m. com/expressionism. html – â€Å"Expressionism in Literature. † Dictionary of the History of Ideas. 1 May 2003. 21 May 2009. http://etext. virginia. edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi. cgi? id=dv2-24 – â€Å"Expressionism (literature). † Tiscali. 2009. 21 May 2009. http://www. tiscali. co. uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0097410. html – Finch, Charlie. â€Å"Deciphering Beckmann. † Artnet. 2004. 21 May 2009. http://www. artnet. com/magazine/features/finch/finch7-17-03. asp – Janouch, Gustav. â€Å"Kafka’s View of ‘The Metamorphosis’. † The Story and Its Writer. 7th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007. – Kafka, Franz. â€Å"The Metamorphosis. † The Story and Its Writer. 7th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007. – Sandler, Irving. The Triumph of American Painting: A History of Abstract Expressionism. New York: Praeger Publishers, Inc. , 1970.

Organisational Development Strategy

Introduction Change is a constant thing and this transpires within world in many ways. As the world becomes more complicated and increasingly intertwined, changes ostensibly far away affect us. Thus, change may sometimes appear to occur frequently and arbitrarily. We are gradually becoming cognizant of how connected we are to one another and to our world. Organizations must withal be cognizant of their holistic nature and of the ways their members affect one another.The incredible amount of change has coerced individuals and organizations to visually perceive â€Å"the immensely colossal picture† and to be cognizant of how events affect them and vice versa. Organization development is a new term which means a conceptual, organization-wide effort to increment an organization's efficacy and viability. Warren Bennis has referred to OD as a replication to transmute, an intricate educational strategy intended to transmute the notions, attitudes, values, and structure of an organiza tion so that it can better habituate to new technologies, markets, challenges, and the dizzying rate of change itself.OD is neither â€Å"anything done to better an organization† nor is it â€Å"the training function of the organization†; it is a particular kind of change process designed to establish a particular kind of end result. OD can involve interventions in the organization's â€Å"processes,† utilizing behavioural science knowledge organizational reflection, system amelioration, orchestrating and self-analysis. International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), incorporated on June 16, 1911, is an information technology (IT) company.IBM operates in five segments: Global Technology Services (GTS), Global Business Services (GBS), Software, Systems and Technology and Global Financing. GTS primarily provides IT infrastructure services and business process services. GBS provides professional services and application management services. Software consists pri marily of middleware and operating systems software. Systems and Technology provides clients with business solutions requiring advanced computing power and storage capabilities. Global Financing invests in financing assets, leverages with debt and manages the associated risks.In May 2012, the Company acquired Varicent Software Incorporated. In May 2012, the Company acquired Vivisimo. In June 2012, the Company acquired Tealeaf Technology, Inc. On August 1, 2012, Toshiba Tec Corporation acquired the retail store solution business from IBM. In September 2012, it acquired Butterfly Software Ltd. In October 2012, it acquired Texas Memory Systems. In October 2012, the Company announced the opening of three new branch offices in ASEAN, which are located in the cities of Ipoh and Malacca in Malaysia and Bandung in Indonesia, and announced the opening of three new branches across Brazil.In December 2012, the Company acquired Kenexa. In February 2013, it completed the acquisition of StoredIQ. In April 2011, the Company acquired TRIRIGA, Inc. In October 2011, the Company acquired i2. In October 2011, the Company acquired Algorithmics. In October 2011, it acquired Q1 Labs Inc. In November 2011, the Company opened in Romania its European site for developing and testing IBM switch and networking hardware and software. In December 2011, the Company completed the acquisition of Curam Software Ltd. In January 9, 2012, the Company acquired Platform Computing. In January 11, 2012, the Company acquired Green Hat.In February 1, 2012, the Company acquired Emptoris Inc. In February 15, 2012, the Company acquired DemandTec Inc. In February 10, 2012, the Company completed the acquisition of Worklight. In March 2012, the Company opened a new branch office in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. (http://www. reuters. com/finance/stocks/companyProfile? symbol=IBM) In 1992-1993, IBM began to lose money and struggled to meet payroll for the over 300,000 employees because of the changing market landsca pe. Louis Gerstner, the recently appointed CEO, saved the company by changing IBM’s culture and business model.As we know now one of IBM’s core businesses is consulting, which had not been a key component of the legacy model. It seemed like IBM was facing a similar, if perhaps more dire, situation to Merrill Lynch in the mid 2000’s. (http://professorjickblog. com/post/4194417315/organizational-change-at-ibm) IBM helped pioneer information technology over the years and it stands today at the forefront of a worldwide industry that is revolutionizing the way in which enterprises, organizations and people operate and thrive. The pace of change in that industry, of course, is accelerating, and its scope and impact are widening.In these pages, you can trace that change from the earliest antecedents of IBM, to the most recent developments. You can scan the entire IBM continuum from the 19th century to the 21st or pinpoint — year-by year or decade-by-decade †” the key events that have led to the IBM of today. (http://www-03. ibm. com/ibm/history/history/history_intro. html) IBM has been in the industry for a hundred years already but this paper will focus on the organizational changes and developments with the company for the past 20 years. Brief HistoryIn 1911 IBM was first incorporated in New York as the Computing-Tabulating-Recoding Company. The company’s history, however, can be traced back to 1890, when the United States was receiving waves of immigrants. To meet the needs of measuring population the US Census Bureau sponsored a contest to find the most efficient means of tabulating census data. The contest was won by German immigrant and Census Bureau statistician, Herman Hollerith. Hollerith formed the Punch Card Tabulating Machine Co. in 1896. In 1911 Hollerith’s company merged with Computing Scale Co. f America and International Time Recording Co. to form Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co. The company manufactur ed and sold products ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorder to meat and cheese slicers, tabulators and punch cards. In the beginning the company operated in New York City only. Within a short period of time, however, it quickly expanded its office and plants to other parts of New York State, Washington, DC, Ohio, Michigan and Toronto, Canada. In 1914 Thomas J. Watson joined the company and became the president of the company within eleven months.Under his leadership the company continued to expand its products and services. At that time the company focused on producing large scales custom built tabulating solutions for businesses. Within ten years Watson had expanded the company’s business operations to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia and in 1924 the company was renamed International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) to reflect the firm’s worldwide expansion IBM refers to the decades between 1939 and 1963 as the ‘Era of Innovation ’. During this period the company’s product line expanded ignificantly. In 1891 IBM introduced personal computers (PCs) for small businesses, schools and homes. For first time, IBM collaborated with Intel and Microsoft to produce personal computers. In 1985 IBM introduced local area networks (LAN), which permitted PC users to exchange information and share printers and files within a building or complex. IBM established a foundation for network computing and numerous applications of PCs. In 1993 Louis V. Gerstner, Jr, a former executive at American Express, Nabisco and McKinsey & Co. joined IBM as CEO. Gerstner emphasized the need to provide integrated solutions for the company’s customers. He also decided to keep company, together instead of splitting it into separate independent companies. Today IBM’s strength lies in its combined expertise in solutions, services, products and technologies. http://historyofbusiness. blogspot. com/2009/04/brief-history-o f-ibm. html How IBM does their Organizational Development IBM has launched one of its companies fixating on business strategies and development.So therefore, they will be one of the good companies that we can optically canvass and study how they remain successful over the years. IBM Global Business Services offers one of the largest strategy & transmute practices in the world, their strategy & transmute practice amalgamates business strategy with technology insight to help organizations develop, align and implement their business vision across four strategic dimensions – business strategy, operating strategy, organization change strategy and technology strategy – to drive innovation and magnification.This is withal one of the reasons why IBM is capable of transmuting quickly and successfully. Instead of going with the latest trends, they mold, develop and lead them. By combining the proven talent with the deep research, scale and scope of IBM, they have built a unique approach to industry solution development. This approach allows them to address the opportunities that matter most and deliver business outcomes with faster time-to-value.The IBM strategy and transformation practice helps expand the horizon possibilities while implementing with rigor. Its three areas of competence are aligned to drive opportunity and execute across the value chain. The insight provided by innovation and growth services allows setting an overall direction for the organization by developing sustainable business, customer and technology strategies. Their capabilities within the operations and finance area help optimize how the organization functions to drive higher performance.And finally, with organization and people expertise, they can develop and lead the talented individuals who create value and competitive advantage. With over 100 years of business and technology experience, IBM has demonstrated its ability to drive performance through continuous transformation of their business model, operations, technology and workforce. Their strategy and transformation practice draws upon these experiences as well as extensive IBM assets and best practices.With consultants in over 170 countries and deep expertise in 17 industries, IBM has proven the effectiveness and value of its approach. IBM thought leadership and research – acknowledged by analysts as among the best in the industry – are based on market-driven intelligence, in-depth interviews, and our own transformation story. IBM has a long track record of success in helping companies chart a course for business transformation.This commences with strategic orchestrating that can envision a broad range of future scenarios. Their consultants fixate on results, through the development of business models and executable strategies that foster innovation, sustainable magnification and profitability. They help companies and organizations build on key strategic drivers such as new product and accommodation offerings, dynamic market opportunities, new channels and greater customer insight to create greater competitiveness.Our team of strategists provides a clear roadmap for differentiation predicated on business model innovation, implemented through efficient processes and operations. Definitely by doing this, they have also implemented these strategies within their organization and have proven to have good results. (ftp://public. dhe. ibm. com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbb03089usen/GBB03089USEN. PDF) The processes and strategies that they have developed and proved over the years are also the factors why their organization is very stable.According to their website, below are some of the services that they offer and most likely apply within their organization as well. IBM's Organization and Workforce Transformation offering assists clients with two transformational imperatives: firstly, it enables them to transform their workforce into the productive, innovative and high-performan ce force necessary to survive and thrive; secondly it manages the people elements in any transformation being undertaken (process optimization, business model transformation, etc. Our services include: * Learning transformation: Addresses the need to inspire and equip people in business to improve performance, skills and knowledge for the following results: aligning learning initiatives with organizational and business goals, developing learning strategies, and harnessing the power of technology to enhance learning and performance. Talent management: Design strategies and solutions to align talent management with business priorities, covering talent sourcing, performance, succession management and rewards and recognition. This solution includes process design, systems implementation, change management and talent analytics. * Social business: Drive innovation and growth by connecting people to people, people to data and information, and people to personal and institutional knowledge inside an organization and across the larger organizational ecosystem. Workforce analytics and optimization: This offering leverages analytics to design evidence-based strategies and practices for optimizing workforce performance and productivity to develop information strategies, and a workforce measurement framework, which can help identify key metrics and align with employee goals. Organization design: Organization design enables enterprises to align their organization with new or existing business models and strategies to maximize effectiveness by clarifying work responsibilities and redefining jobs and their relationships to one another (structure), governance mechanisms, and other organizational elements to drive new behavior supporting strategic change and business results. * Change management: Change management is a roactive and systematic approach to deal with change from the perspective of an organization, a group, or at the individual level. Change management helps ensure that people impacted by the changes (technology) understand, accept and commit to changes; thereby mitigating risks and achieving long term benefits faster. (http://www-935. ibm. com/services/us/gbs/strategy/talent-and-workforce-management. html) During the course of the changes that took place in their organization, there were challenges encountered.Based on the researches conducted, below are the most significant challenges that took place when implementing their change projects. 1. Changing mindsets and attitudes 2. Corporate culture 3. Complexity is underestimated 4. Shortage of resources 5. Lack of commitment of higher management 6. Lack of change know how 7. Lack of transparency because of missing or 8. wrong information 9. Lack of motivation of involved employees 10. Change of process 11. Change of IT systems 12. Technology barriersAnd based on the challenges mentioned above, they were able to come up with factors that contributed to the successful change. It is normal to ha ve resistance to different types of change especially having a big organization like IBM. Below are some factors that contributed to the effectiveness of the different changes in their organization: 1. Top management sponsorship 2. Employee involvement 3. Honest and timely communication 4. Corporate culture that motivates and promotes change 5. Change agents (pioneers of change) 6. Change supported by culture . Efficient training programs 8. Adjustment of performance measures 9. Efficient organization structure 10. Monetary and non-monetary incentives ftp://public. dhe. ibm. com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbe03100usen/GBE03100USEN. PDF The most fruitful success strategy is to begin with leadership tools, including a vision or story of the future, put the change in place with management tools, such as role definitions, measurement and control systems, and use the pure power tools of coercion and punishments as a last resort, when all else fails.The purpose of business strategy is to exploit t he capabilities of the company to gain and sustain competitive advantage in accommodating the desiderata of customers in a chosen rialto. An effective business strategy will provide good answers to questions on business scope, customers’ needs, how the enterprise will exploit its advantages, and on how competitive advantage will be achieved. It will withal describe the main actions compulsory to implement the strategy and the reasons why the vicissitudes are compulsory.Summary All in all the reason for IBM Global Business Services’ success is because they have methods and strategies that have been tried and tested over the years that they have been in this industry. Also one of the factors for success is having open minded members of the organization who are always open and welcome to change. Somehow, the company also has its own ways to make the employees and members of the organization understand and help them to adapt through the course of these changes.Resistance t o change is normal but with proper guidance and support from the whole management team, members of the organization will feel at ease and motivated, hence, will embrace the change. Today, businesses must bring more innovative products and accommodations to market, more quickly than ever before. IBM makes utilization of best practices to help companies become more rigorous in their approach to development and lifecycle issues – not only to ameliorate speed and cost, but withal to enable the perpetual amelioration of products

Anthropology Lab, a scientific project about White Handed Gibbions, (Apes) and explores their grooming habbits.

Anthropology Lab, a scientific project about White Handed Gibbions, (Apes) and explores their grooming habbits. Anthropology LabMay 14, 2000IntroductionWhite Handed Gibbons are in the Primate Order of the Hylobatidae Family of the lesser apes, in the Genus Hylobates (which includes all 11 species of gibbons) from the H. lar Species. (Rumbaugh, 1973) H. lar is found in the middle and upper stories of deciduous monsoon and evergreen rain forests of southern Burma, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, Sunderland, and North Sumatra. (Rumbaugh, 1974) Gibbons are though to be magnamous although recent studies have documented individuals in the wild who mate with multiple partners. (Fuentes, 2000) This species has a co dominance where both the male and the female are dominant. (Gittins and Raemaekers, 1980) there is little to no sexual dimorphism and males and females are both socially and physically equal. Their family structure in made up of the "pair bonded" couple and their immature offspring. When the offspring reach sexual maturity they are driven out of the group by the parent of the same sex.A moth er white-handed gibbon and her young.Zoo d'A...Although Gibbons are very territorial aggression and violence is very rare among H. lar. Their diets consist mainly of fruit (75%) and also include leaves, flowers, birds, and insects. (Richard, 1985) Although Gibbons have been documented to live in captivity p to 45 years wild population have a greatly reduced lifespan. (Rumbaugh, 1973) In this study I will attempt to show that captive White Handed Gibbons are more often groomed by other individuals rather than by themselves. This study will support the widely accepted notion that social grooming is used to reinforce the bonds between individuals (Ellefson, 1974) and is not for practiced for hygiene purposes. I observed two captive H. lar for this study: one male, one female. Both Gibbons where similar in body size: weighing about 15 pounds and roughly 3 feet tall. They each...

Othello Today essays

Othello Today essays Othello by William Shakespeare remains an amazing, well-read and often-performed drama, approximately 400 years after it was first put to paper because every person that reads it can relate to a part or many parts of the play. Both the major and minor themes in Othello are emotions that are inherent to human nature. Humans of 3000 years ago felt the same things tearing at themselves as we all do in the year 2000. The fact that Shakespeares plays are focused on emotions, Othello especially, is why he transcends time. Othello is an extremely complex play and breaking it down into only a few main themes doesnt do it justice. However, the pulse of the tragedy is the exchanges between Othello and Iago. These, of course, lead to Othellos jealousy that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. If you take it back to the beginning of the play, its Iagos jealousy of Cassio that causes him to make a plan to undo both Cassio and Othello. The same jealousy shown by Iago and Othello is seen in people day-in and day-out. People become jealous about petty, frivolous things. Being beaten out for a promotion would fit in that category. Yet, just as how in New York City jealousy can cause death (Its on the news nightly), jealousy caused death in this play. Othellos murder of Desdemona for made-up reasons and Iagos attempted murder of Cassio are perfect examples. Often, writers can go overboard when it comes to the blood and gore aspect of a film, as even Shakespeare has done at times. However, Othellos final act of murder and death does not overstep its bounds. The reason is that while Othellos death is his bodys end, that is not the real tragedy of the play. The tragedy of the play is how Iago was able to viciously delude Othello and make him even consider so heinous an act as to suffocate his wife. That is the true tragedy. Even Othellos disillusionment is also extr...

Benefits of Learning in a Diverse Environment in Toronto Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Learning in a Diverse Environment in Toronto Essay Toronto,Canada has been one of the most multicultural cities in the world and has attracted thousands of immigrants and foreign students each year mostly from Asian and European countries (Toronto, 2007) Due to the popularity of the city to foreigners as well as the prestigious schools it has such as the University of Toronto and the York University, students from different parts of the world have been attracted to study in the city. Universities have been offering a diverse learning environment, offering curriculum, facilities, and learning resources including professors and instructors that address the needs of and accommodate the growing number of foreign students and immigrants in Toronto. A diverse learning environment offers various benefits to students regardless of culture and nationality. First, it introduces me to different cultures and race, making students like me become aware of various cultures and beliefs. Having the awareness of different cultures of people in Toronto can improve my interpersonal and communication skills. â€Å"Hanging around people of different culture develop the students’ ability to understand the ideas and feelings of others, which in later life makes them, more likely to live in racially diverse communities, maintain friendships with people of different races and able to function more effectively in an increasingly diverse workplace† (Haas, 1999). From this view, a diverse learning environment therefore can eliminate or reduce racism and racist attitudes towards the minority groups. It also can also prepare me to adapt to a diverse environment in case I have to work or migrate to other country particularly in Asian and European countries especially now that the level of globalisation is increasing. A diverse learning environment can also improve my ability of working in a team since in universities, there are particular activities that needed group efforts and diverse ideas that can result to a more comprehensive outcome, providing me various ideas that could have never been available if not because of my foreign classmates and friends and even professors. On the other hand, there are still some people who are not open-minded and are not interested in learning about other cultures due to their very racist attitudes. A diverse learning environment with students or professors like these people can negatively affect some foreign students and students from minority groups, making them feel discriminated and unwelcome to such learning environment that may lessen their interest in studying or acquainting with students of different nationalities. However, in Toronto, it seems not much of a problem because foreigners and immigrants have long been welcomed in the city. Reference: Haas, Mark (1999) Research shows diverse environment has educational benefits, retrieved on-line on February 13, 2007 Toronto website retrieved on February 14, 2007 http://www. toronto. ca/quality_of_life/diversity. htm Benefits of Learning in a Diverse Environment in Toronto. (2016, Jul 29). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Personal statement - Essay Example left my homeland of South Korea I would perhaps not have the opportunities that I do now and if I had not seen and learned to adapt to the extremely diverse cultures surrounding me I would possibly be ignorant to many new and wondrous things, especially with regard to my educational experiences. These facts alone have changed my outlook on what drives me to succeed in college and in my attempt to enter into dental school as the next phase of my learning experience. My ambitions are strong and my will to make something of my self even stronger as my current level of education can attest too. For emphases in the past I have volunteered my time to areas of dentistry where people are economically deprived. I worked along side of Dr. Cox in the Friday free clinic of which assisted me in making up my mind to focus solely on dentistry as a career. I gained adequate knowledge through this experience some being learning how to pull teeth, make crowns, and developing more fluid interpersonal skills for areas of communication. All that I have gained thus far, and my personal characteristics and attributes, are all positive elements of an individual who is sincere of gaining a degree through college study as it takes perseverance, patience, and an understanding within you to make it th rough this complex period. However, there is one other experience that helped in concreting my future goals and plans in a profession of my choosing. This next experience which has motivated me to want to become a dental student is my past participation in the Medical Students Organization. I became involved with the Mission Waco Dental Service which happens to be another area where I volunteered freely, and next to my experience with Dr. Cox it has been one of the most enlightening for me educational wise. I personally guided and helped many patients get to the dentist office and prepared medications for them at a laboratory as well. It was exhilarating to me to learn and find out

Economic Objectives of the United States over the last three years Essay

Economic Objectives of the United States over the last three years - Essay Example Unfortunately, discretionary macroeconomic policies and a volatile environment of the US were closely related to awkward policies such as excessive government spending, high inflation, and an over-valued exchange rate render an economy prone to crisis. United States Government has always believed in broad consensus that exist on the utility of inflation-indexed or inflation linked bonds for which economists and policy makers make the sharing of risk between issuers of bonds and investors possible. In this context financial markets in the emerging market economies are deepened and when an emerging market government issues inflation-indexed bonds, this is seen as reducing the cost of educating the global investors regarding the benefits of these instruments. Though such policies in the past have reduced the co-ordination problems, but has left the most frequent areas devoid of discipline and these are the regulatory norms and supervisory structures. Today, the way the US is breathing a n unstable macroeconomic environment, these vulnerabilities of the financial sector readily spawn a crisis because of distortions in the real economy and serious macroeconomic policy.The macroeconomic policies or the economic crunch being witnessed for the last few years has not affected US military expenditure, since it has kept on increasing by 59 percent since 2001 and it is obvious that such increase reflects massive spending on military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, however it also includes increases in the ‘base’ defence budget.... Policies regarding public finance claims that only the most central, national government can successfully manage US economy's macro-economic swings and the resulting unemployment of labour and economic resources. The macroeconomics in this case does not held itself responsible for the inability to alleviate unemployment because it suggests that the mobility of factors of production in any economy and the inclination of a region's residents to spend their incomes on imported goods are responsible factors behind the raised unemployment rate (Inman & Rubinfield, 2001). Unemployment Compensation programs in the light of policies have been relatively modest in scale that has covered potential benefits during all these years of recession, however their duration is short and replacement rates are generally low. Recipiency rates are also relatively low (Vroman & Brusentsev, 2005: 145). The policies advice that many aspects of these programs highlight the association between inflation and Unemployment Compensation replacement rates without effective indexation provisions, high inflation would quickly erode the real value of monthly benefits (ibid). The main factor that explains why international trade and capital movements instead of other economical concerns have become a major concern of senior policymakers in the United States is the acceptance by all governments of responsibility for how well or poorly the domestic economy performs. The policymakers claim that the electorate's demand for a steady increase in the standard of living indicates that any policy that significantly affects domestic economic performance is an important variable in determining who is president and which party controls the

Renewable Energy in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Renewable Energy in Canada - Essay Example The second largest renewable source is wind that generates 1.6 percent of Canadian electricity. The third largest source is biomass with 1.4 percent share. Moreover, wind and photovoltaic energies are rapidly growing renewable sources in Canada. This paper briefly explores renewable energy and its contributions in Canada (NRCAN). Renewable energy is a kind of energy obtained from natural resources which can be renewed and regained within human lifespan, for instance, moving wind and sunshine. Numerous technologies and equipment are developed in order to exploit the potential natural resources. These equipments produce energy in the form of electricity, thermal energy, industrial heat, and transportation fuels (NRCAN). Canada's leading energy (renewable and other) resource is hydroelectric power. Most of this power is generated in water-rich and less populated Northern Canada in order to provide for urbanized South, for instance, Quebec's export to the U.S. Rapidly growing form of ren ewable energies are wind , solar, geothermal, and biomass. In 2009, Canada's generating capacity was 125,485 MW with 60 percent generated from renewable resources. Hydro power generation meets 90 percent of electricity demand in British Columbia and Quebec. However, British Columbia is a net importer while Quebec is a net exporter. Oil and natural gas resources are plentiful in Alberta and Saskatchewan, and Manitoba and Northern Ontario is rich in coal. On a national level, 20 percent generation is from nuclear source, 15 percent coal, and 5 percent is from natural gas source. Wind and solar energy are also gaining popularity through feed-in tariff (FIT). Enacted in 2009, FIT forced Ontario to trailing in North American market activity.FIT is supported by investor due to the money that flows upfront into the project (Wagman, 2011). It is estimated that Canada's generating capacity of 19,000 MW will retire by 2050.In addition, 45,000 MW generating capacity is required to meet the exi sting growth projects. Federal government's goal is to generate 90 percent of Canada's energy through non-emitting resources by the year 2020(Wagman, 2011). Ontario Power Authority (OPA) has signed 40 large-scale renewable energy projects under the province FIT program. These new projects include, solar, water, and wind projects which are expected to attract $3.04 billion in private sector investment. It will generate over 872MW renewable power, of which, 357MW is from 35 solar projects, 500KM from water project, and 615MW from four wind projects. It is claimed that these projects will produce 240 wind turbines and one million solar panels in Ontario. Canada's wind capacity is 3,549MW in 2011, and Ontario is the leading provider with1, 248MW or one third of the total wind energy production. Moreover, another one third is generated by Quebec (663MW) and Alberta (656 MW). Seven other provinces generate the final one-third of total energy. According to CanWEA, there is tenfold increase in wind energy production over the last six years (Wagman, 2011). Another comparatively untapped renewable technology is geothermal energy. Canada shares the same continental shelf and geology as Latin America, Mexico, and United States, and has other undeveloped 200 hot springs. However, federal government and provinces have failed to implement policies and regulations for further development of geothermal energy (Wagman, 2011). According to

Effectiveness Of Transport Security Administration Essay

Effectiveness Of Transport Security Administration - Essay Example As part of the efforts to improve the effectiveness of screening, TSA launched improved, highly technological screening equipment that would be able to detect all forms of explosives including liquids. The effectiveness of these new equipment has been put to the test by an investigator who put coins into his pocket and passed undetected through the checkpoints. Kerley (2015), also reported that other investigators who were undercover were able to smuggle mock explosives and other weapons undetected. This challenges the effectiveness of screening and poses the question of whether TSA is doing their job or not. The equipment used is very expensive and has not proven to be effective so far. Security threats still go undetected despite all these new measures being put in place. Perhaps the time has come for the work of airport security to be assigned to people who can do a better job. In a commentary by Inserra (2015), 19 airports in the U.S have joined the SSP program, private companies overseen by TSA that allows them to replace TSA with more effective and cheaper screening methods. One of the airports that has shifted to the private sector is the Orlando- Sanford International Airport (SFB). Most airports prefer the private option as it is cost-effective, offers flexibility regarding hiring and better security. A study on Transportation and Infrastructure indicates that up to $1 billion could be saved over a period of five years if the top airports were to adopt the SSP program.

Change context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Change context - Essay Example For example, one may question whether a halt in the organizations operations would result in the same changes observed and the consequent associated benefits, or, while in operation, what changes are the organization seeing in its context, that need to be taken into the account. A credible answer to these questions will allow the organization identify what is important and effective this will allow the organization to develop necessary activities that seek to drive the organization to an affirmative position, and communicate its impact in a better manner. Change doesn’t usually occur in an unprecedented manner, and arriving at a reasonably acceptable form of change requires assessment and implementation of strategies meant to accomplish the organizations set goals. In most cases, organizational change results from major external driving forces that the organization has little control over, such as need for increase in productivity, significant cuts in funding and need to address new market targets, among others. Normally, in a bid to keep up with these changes that affect the organization, unprecedented changes must occur, devolving the organizations structure to newer improved standards that can keep up with the changing environment. Such evolving changes may include formulation of new policies such as changing from a highly hasty decision making entrepreneurial tendency to one which observes calm and critical planning preceding decision. Such a move, which alters in the organizations operations results to organization-wide c hange. In comparison of three advertisements seeking to find viable individuals for employment in a managerial post, all the advertisements required highly trained individuals, with an adequate educational background. Also, the duties to be tasked to the manager were quite similar, including development of new organizational ideas, planning of the organizations expenditure, identification of issues affecting the

Renewable Energy in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Renewable Energy in Canada - Essay Example The second largest renewable source is wind that generates 1.6 percent of Canadian electricity. The third largest source is biomass with 1.4 percent share. Moreover, wind and photovoltaic energies are rapidly growing renewable sources in Canada. This paper briefly explores renewable energy and its contributions in Canada (NRCAN). Renewable energy is a kind of energy obtained from natural resources which can be renewed and regained within human lifespan, for instance, moving wind and sunshine. Numerous technologies and equipment are developed in order to exploit the potential natural resources. These equipments produce energy in the form of electricity, thermal energy, industrial heat, and transportation fuels (NRCAN). Canada's leading energy (renewable and other) resource is hydroelectric power. Most of this power is generated in water-rich and less populated Northern Canada in order to provide for urbanized South, for instance, Quebec's export to the U.S. Rapidly growing form of ren ewable energies are wind , solar, geothermal, and biomass. In 2009, Canada's generating capacity was 125,485 MW with 60 percent generated from renewable resources. Hydro power generation meets 90 percent of electricity demand in British Columbia and Quebec. However, British Columbia is a net importer while Quebec is a net exporter. Oil and natural gas resources are plentiful in Alberta and Saskatchewan, and Manitoba and Northern Ontario is rich in coal. On a national level, 20 percent generation is from nuclear source, 15 percent coal, and 5 percent is from natural gas source. Wind and solar energy are also gaining popularity through feed-in tariff (FIT). Enacted in 2009, FIT forced Ontario to trailing in North American market activity.FIT is supported by investor due to the money that flows upfront into the project (Wagman, 2011). It is estimated that Canada's generating capacity of 19,000 MW will retire by 2050.In addition, 45,000 MW generating capacity is required to meet the exi sting growth projects. Federal government's goal is to generate 90 percent of Canada's energy through non-emitting resources by the year 2020(Wagman, 2011). Ontario Power Authority (OPA) has signed 40 large-scale renewable energy projects under the province FIT program. These new projects include, solar, water, and wind projects which are expected to attract $3.04 billion in private sector investment. It will generate over 872MW renewable power, of which, 357MW is from 35 solar projects, 500KM from water project, and 615MW from four wind projects. It is claimed that these projects will produce 240 wind turbines and one million solar panels in Ontario. Canada's wind capacity is 3,549MW in 2011, and Ontario is the leading provider with1, 248MW or one third of the total wind energy production. Moreover, another one third is generated by Quebec (663MW) and Alberta (656 MW). Seven other provinces generate the final one-third of total energy. According to CanWEA, there is tenfold increase in wind energy production over the last six years (Wagman, 2011). Another comparatively untapped renewable technology is geothermal energy. Canada shares the same continental shelf and geology as Latin America, Mexico, and United States, and has other undeveloped 200 hot springs. However, federal government and provinces have failed to implement policies and regulations for further development of geothermal energy (Wagman, 2011). According to

Change context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Change context - Essay Example For example, one may question whether a halt in the organizations operations would result in the same changes observed and the consequent associated benefits, or, while in operation, what changes are the organization seeing in its context, that need to be taken into the account. A credible answer to these questions will allow the organization identify what is important and effective this will allow the organization to develop necessary activities that seek to drive the organization to an affirmative position, and communicate its impact in a better manner. Change doesn’t usually occur in an unprecedented manner, and arriving at a reasonably acceptable form of change requires assessment and implementation of strategies meant to accomplish the organizations set goals. In most cases, organizational change results from major external driving forces that the organization has little control over, such as need for increase in productivity, significant cuts in funding and need to address new market targets, among others. Normally, in a bid to keep up with these changes that affect the organization, unprecedented changes must occur, devolving the organizations structure to newer improved standards that can keep up with the changing environment. Such evolving changes may include formulation of new policies such as changing from a highly hasty decision making entrepreneurial tendency to one which observes calm and critical planning preceding decision. Such a move, which alters in the organizations operations results to organization-wide c hange. In comparison of three advertisements seeking to find viable individuals for employment in a managerial post, all the advertisements required highly trained individuals, with an adequate educational background. Also, the duties to be tasked to the manager were quite similar, including development of new organizational ideas, planning of the organizations expenditure, identification of issues affecting the

Teaching And Learning Activities Essay Example for Free

Teaching And Learning Activities Essay Introduction There are many teaching and learning activities which are used to achieve lesson plan aims and objectives. The choice will depend upon a number of factors, such as the domain and level of objective. For example, the most appropriate activities to learn a motor skill is through demonstration and individual practice whereas to gain knowledge and understanding a lecture, group debate and question and answer sessions activities are more appropriate (Reese and Walker p137). Reese and Walker (pg 140) states that Honey and Mumford (1986) published the manual of learning styles which identified four main learning styles: Activists whom, enjoy the present, like the immediate experience and respond to short term issues Reflectors whom, prefer to think about things and explore all aspects before coming to a conclusion. Theorists whom, like principles, theories, models and systems. Pragmatists whom look for new ideas and are keen to experiment We as teachers therefore need to think about what teaching strategies the students prefer, particular in a class which consists of a mixture of activists, reflectors, theorist and pragmatists. The group size is another important factor to consider when choosing a learning activity. Different strategies/ activities are more appropriate for different group size. At one extreme a group may consist of only one student. In such circumstances methods such as projects or assignments, and tutoring may be more suitable whereas for small groups of between 5 and 20 students, a discussion method is suitable. A group between 10 and 20 the approach often adopted is what is traditionally called classroom teaching (Reese and Walker pg 137) which consists of a mixture of methods. Groups greater than 20 students, suitable strategies could be lecture and demonstration. Generally, students learn in different ways: an approach that is appropriate to one student may not be appropriate for another. Some people learn better in a group through the interaction with both the teacher and other students. We must therefore realise the importance of varying learning activities for our students (Reese and Walker, pg 138). The aims and objectives of this assignment are to: a) Review the range of teaching and learning activities available to promote open access and widening participation. Review the range of resources available within the organisation for a selected curriculum area b) Prepare, use and evaluate one of teaching and learning activities and resources. c) Evaluate one of the activities selected. d) Analyse the strengths and challenges of the selected resource and how it has supported learning. Teaching and Learning Activities As discussed by Petty (pg 15) there are two approaches to guide the choice of activities, the mnemonic EDUCARE (table 1.1) and CIA (table 1.2). Educare is a suitable guide when learning is focused on acquiring specific skills whereas CIA is a more indirect approach to arranging corrected practise if learning is not focused on acquiring specific skills. EDUCARE E Explanation, student needs to understand why the skill is required D Doing-Detail via demonstration or case study, for example U Use, practise skill C Check and correct practise A Aide-memoire, student requires reminder- for example notes, handout R Review and reuse, of earlier work so that old learning is not forgotten E Evaluation. Table 1.1 (Petty, pg15) CIA C Content, Clarify topic content to an appropriate depth and breadth I Ideas, Determine contents main: concepts, factors, evidence, viewpoints etc A Activities, Create questions and activities where students must reason with the key ideas Table 1.1 (Petty, pg 357) I apply both approaches depending on the subject area, in some instances EDUCARE may be a more suitable guide for a topic in chemistry whereas CIA is suitable for a topic in biology. For the training aspect of my job the CIA approach is more appropriate because the trainees teaching are not acquiring specific skills. My current role at Thermo Electron Corporation involves training clients on how utilise sophisticated equipments and teach chemistry classes and assist biology classes voluntarily at St Helens College. The training sessions runs for 2 days 09:00 to 16:30 every three months. The number of clients range between 5 and 12 with different scientific backgrounds and various levels of experience with the equipments. The next training session will be on April 25th and 26th for 8 clients. The total number of training hours is 15. I have a training manual from the former trainer which I follow for each training session. The training sessions involves audio, visual and kinaesthetic teaching styles. I use OHP, handouts and demonstrations. The organic chemistry and physiology course duration is 16 weeks (from January 2006 to May 2006). The chemistry are 3 hours in the evenings, 5 students in total of mixed gender, aged 16-19, and all students are currently employed by United Utilities and come on the course on day release basis from their employers. Their main reason for being on the course is for qualification purposes to improve career prospects and the recommendation by their employer. The physiology classes are 3 hours per week, 18 students in total, mixed gender and age ranges 16-19. Most are straight from secondary school others are repeating the units. I currently assist the tutor to set-up practical session. The teaching and learning activities (particularly in a classroom environment) that I use in order to promote open access and encourage participation include Ice-breakers, group activities (games, quizzes), brainstorming sessions and discussions. The ice-breakers and informal introductions allows learners to know each other and usually reveal what the learners bring to the group; such as, questions, experience (good or bad, personal and academic), and varied levels of knowledge of the subject. The activities I use more frequently are group activities. I split the group into 2 or 3 group (depending on activity and the no. of attendees) to carry out matching card games, electronic games or to partake in a quiz. Matching cards game. The maximum number of students on the evening organic chemistry course is five, for this reason they all work in a group. I prepare two sets of cards, one set with question and the other set with answers. During the lesions the students are told to arrange the seating so as to work in a team. They are then presented with the cards are given a period of time in which to complete the task. Electronic games. The students work individually. Prior to the lesson I research subject-related game on the internet. The last game found had a game show type theme, who wants to be a millionaire type format. The more questions you answer correctly the closer the chances of winning à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1Million! Class Quiz The class is arranged again in a game show setting, split into two groups. The team that gives the highest number of answers correctly wins the game. These activities prove favourable for the students, it makes the learning process fun and interesting, at the same time encouraging teamwork and participation. The group activities also gives me the opportunity to observe social interaction; study learners relationship with one another; gain an insight to their character and; identify confident, reluctant, dominant and quieter characters. I would definitely reuse this method as it is a very effective learning method. Although the activities have proven successful there are areas of improvement. Such introducing more different types of games; setting tasks so that at the right level for all students; setting different tasks for different students; stretching activities for students/groups whom finish early; check students work by moving systematically round the class; looking over their shoulders and possibly; asking students to self-check or peer-check. For tasks such as the Matching cards game it ensures that no one is completing the tasks incorrectly, and would allow the tutor to manage the tasks more effectively (Petty, pg 170). Resources A resource, as defined by Reece and Walker is a support to teaching strategies which assists learning. The resources I often use to present materials and teach are WB, handouts, OHP, and the Internet. Aside the Whiteboard, the resource I use most often are handouts (see attached example of my lesson plan). The handouts are distributed at the start of the lesson. The handouts are combinations of worksheets and information handouts. They include text, Q A sections and diagrams from the internet or/and textbooks relevant to the topic for that session. The worksheets (incomplete handouts) have gaps which the students are expected to fill-in during the lesson and on occasions complete for homework The source of diagrams and texts are always referenced, for copy-write purposes and to encourage the student do own research/study. The diagrams are colourful illustrations; and the text is often printed on coloured paper in order to differentiate between different aspects. The students are talked through the handouts and asked to answer the questions or fill-in the gaps individually (occasionally in groups). I find this resource a very effective visual aid for learning; it is simple, to the point and interesting. The main advantages of visual aids as discussed by Petty are; they gain attention; they add variety and interest; they aid conceptualisation, many ideas are understood visually rather than verbally; they aid memory, I find that the students find visual information easier to remember than verbal information and lastly; they show you care, going to trouble of preparing visual aids shows students you take their learning seriously. The resources weakness on the other-hand is that the learner tends not to read the handouts that are why it is good practice to include incomplete handouts at the start of the lesson. Completion of the handout can form the focus of the learning (Reece and Walker pg 212). I evaluate the chosen aid by asking my students their opinion about the suitability and whether they assisted learning. The feedback is generally positive, especially about the bright coloured papers! Teaching methods Petty (1998 pg 121) states that in order to make an informed choice of teaching method and in order to be adaptable and have a variety of activities for lesson planning, the teacher must know what teaching methods are available; what are the strengths and weaknesses of these methods; what purpose each of them can serve and; how each should be used in practice. I choose resources that are best suited to my teaching methods. Depending on the topic my methods can include one or more of the following; audio, visual, activities, demonstrations and discussions. For example the white board, handouts and cards are resources best suited for brainstorming/discussion and group activities. According to Reese and Walker (pg 138) we as teachers need to consider how to provide the experiences so as to make learning as easy and quick to possible. Two possible approaches are; to design a teaching programme where the content is carefully derived from an analysis of the students personal, social/or vocational needs, and which is implemented by the tutor in controlled and organised manner; the second approach starts from the experience of the student. It then depends upon the student identifying and accepting a need to learn. The teaching methods which allow this second approach to be implemented will be project work derived from students current experience, discussions, activities designed to provide opportunities for specific learning outcomes, and the learning of specific problem-solving techniques. Reference Petty, G. Teaching Today, second edition, 1998, pages 121-166 and 315-333. Reece, I. and Walker, S. Teaching, Training and Learning. A practical guide, fourth edition, 2000, pages 6, 49-57, 531-533.

Resistance to Change in an Organisation

Resistance to Change in an Organisation Introduction Change is not an easy factor to go through. Taking in to account that it does not matter if it is a change of rules, space or simple habits. The concept of change involves many other functions. Where the resistance to it, sometimes is hard to adapt or maybe just simple depending the management and organization between one and more individuals, which makes part of an organization structure and affect a whole organization. Organizational change in inevitable Just like anything in life, in addition to this the evolution of the world markets and cultures. Makes the change something that requires constant attention and preparation. In order to be successful in any market, an organization has to be able to transform an evaluate different kind of statements that show the importance of organizational change in the develop of a company. We live in a world in which the nature of organization and the practice, most of people believe that we are in a Constance change. When the difference between theory and practice is completely relevant and plays an important role in management and helps to understand that is a vital in any organization process, which helps to analyze and create structures that help to understand the value of change. The theory of change The theory of change is a strategy or project for achieving large-scale, long-term goals. It identifies the preconditions, pathways and interventions necessary for an initiatives success in different model, where change makes a huge impact in the evolution of a system organization. Theories of change and logic models are vital to evaluate success for a number of reasons. According to Burke, Warner and his book (Organization change, theory and practice). Organizations change all the time, each and every day. The change that happens in organizations commonly is unplanned and gradual, affecting or attributing different aspects where planning is a very important tool to apply and makes this much more easy to understand and shows the importance of change and its crucial participation in the evolution of a company. For a better understanding of change, organizations are created and developed, to continue and during the last. But external factors as environment, plays a very important role in the evolution, because those are discontinuous and can cause destruction but can cause creativity as well. To affront this many others levels in managing as a planning and controlling for example, makes change a Constance factor, which decide the future or develop of any kind of system. However change sometimes could be an internal factor. For example, the change of management that brings new rules, methods and a new different path to assume new emerging markets, makes this theory unpredictable for the good of a system. The paradox of planned organization change. Sometimes when plan is the right way to follow in an organization not always is the option to assume as crucial for the right entrance of change. However this paradox can be implemented as a one of the most analytics methods to follow for a better and capable knowledge of this. According to Michael Powel and referring to the new digital technology, was quoted and saying: it will be messing and it will be confusing and we will get a lot of it wrong and well have to start over. But thats the creative process, thats the evolutionary process. (Naples daily news, 2001, p. 6A.) Mr Powell described change as a very realistic method, where the process is more linear and could be divided by phases, periods or steps and so on. The implementation process is difficult because change the system and of course the way, how the process it was made for, the things dont work well and people do they own way and in some cases the retaliation and revenge is one of the most common things to affront with many others negative aspects that make more difficult to implement a series of changes. Types of organizations change To define organizational change as the process to evaluate and reach the desired goals the first thing to have in mind in change is the concept between evolution versus revolution. The process of resistance is very common and shows the variety of circumstances to affront in management; this contrast might be is actually a very important way to think about the different forms that an organizational system can take and the correct evaluation to it. Organizational change occurs when an organization restructures resources to increase the ability to perform and create effectiveness as the principal method to arrive, similarly, to this the creation of new system of evaluation of a company for the right performance of it. Targets of changes Human resources are for an organizations most important asset, because include investment in training and modification of manage that motivates the personal for a better understanding and approach of it. In addition to it .Human resources plays a very huge impact in companies develop, because involves moral principles and workforce as a combination for the right develop of any system created to evaluate process in a safe work environment. Functional resource can be use to maximize the use of present value. Organizations can change the environment, structure and sometimes the culture of creation but technology is the most important thing to preserve. For example technologies that uses self manage work increased productivity and quality for a better develop in terms of time and production, helping to increased the creation of different products Reducing the use of time and decreasing the value in terms of production. As a result of the right use of change in a company. A technology capability, that helps to provide new products and changing the existing ones, improving the reliability and quality of goods and services of a company. Organizations might be need the restructuration of technology for a correct develop and achieve the results of a new and developing technology. Forces for and Resistance to Organizational Change Organizations and the process of change requires to face two and very important factors for the correct developed of it, one of those is change and the other is the resistance to change. Resistance to change can occur at the organizational level, group level and individual level. For example, managers should be motivated to initiate change because they are concern with improving their organization effectiveness. However, change can be threat to managers and no managerial personal as well. Almost every change requires the cooperation, collaboration, and co-ownership of others, even if that change might be beneficial some people just refused because is a natural way to response and affront. the change as fear of the unknown also to lose something of valuable, believing that change is not good for the organization and provide a different kind of elements damaging the right develop of a company in many levels and misunderstand the process of evolution. Why do people resist changing? An individual is likely to resist change for three reasons principally: uncertainty, concern over personal loss, and they believe that the change is not in the organizations best interest. In adtion to this a common example of resistance for change is giving in a normal college. Where the student are suggested and have the obligation to attend because are the rules and when they leave the college they will have to trade the known for the unknown. Some examples of resistance in organizations is when the introduction of a new analysing system means that employees will have these new methods. Some employees who are accustomed to their work routines or who have inadequate math and statistics backgrounds may fear that they will be unable to meet the system demands. They may therefore, develop a negative attitude because dont know how to use it, and prefer to judge before accept any kind of change just for fear and inclusion of different process that makes changes crucial in the develop of a company. In some case the resistance is fear for the unknown but what happens when change comes with a new structure of elements that become inconvenience for the personal? What do we should do to minimize the impact of resistance? And keep the tolerance and the right balance between employees and employers. How to break that huge wall that separates fear and commitment in the companies?. Some techniques for reducing resistance to organizational change. When management sees resistance to change as a dysfunctional, what action as a manager should I take? Several strategies have been suggested for use by managers, but in some cases the change is so extreme that brings a lot of resistance and is not enough to divide and propose steps to come in with new ideas. Is better if including tactics that helps to understand the process of change and find mediation between managers and employees. According to Barbara Senior and Steve Wailes, the resistance of change evaluate the process how the company has been created and proves the management as vital tool for the right develop and creation of strategies that helps to affiance the resistance of change and mediate between many different elements. One important step to follow in management is the implementation of education and communication, facilitation and support, negotiation and manipulation, co-optation and coercion, these tactics help to summarized and helps us to have a better look of management and understanding in how this tactics help for mediation and confront of a such a wide open variable. That involves techniques and strategies, which help to have a better understanding in the managerial concept. Tactics and strategies to reduce the resistance in organizational change Education and Communication Can help to mediate the resistance of change by helping the employees to see the logic process of change. This technique of course helps to minimize the impact of misinformation or poor communication and give the chance to aport new ideas to the system for a better compression and implementation of this. For example the correct use of communication Between agent of change and personal showing elements to improve and the importance for the good of the company but demonstrating the right benefits for the process which normally interact in the productivity and effectiveness of a company. Participation This tactic involves those individuals directly affected by the purpose of change into the decision making process. This kind of method allows expressing their feelings, increasing the quality of the process and increase employee commitment for final decision. For example, create tools for the evaluation of the process that help to understand better the inclusion of strategies showing the important of evaluation for both sides of views. Facilitation and support Involve helping employees deal with the fear and anxiety, associated with the change effort, this help could be include employee counselling and new skills training for a better use of tactics and facilitation trough the process of change. Negotiation Involves a bargain between something value for an agreement to lessen this hard process of change that sometimes can be stressful by both sides. This resistance method can be very useful, when the confrontation comes from a powerful source and shows the importance of negotiation in the process. Additionally, there is the risk that, once a change agent negotiates with one party to avoid resistance, he or she is open to the possibility of being blackmailed by other individuals in positions of power. When misunderstanding and lack of communication, makes part of the process that commonly happens in different types of organization. Manipulation Refers to cover attempts to influence others about the process of change. Sometimes involves twisting and distortion of facts to make the change appear more attractive and comprehensive. One of the common tactics to use is this particular case is creating false rumours is an example of manipulation. According to the international journal of managements reviews the use of manipulation in a change process could be illegal and immoral, because use the misunderstanding as a tool for manipulate and distort the right compression of different factors that helps to use the correct develop of tactics. Minimizing the resistance of change. Co-optation In this kind of method it is form by both manipulation and cooptation and it seeks to buy the leaders of the resistance, giving them a key role in the change decision. The last two methods are relatively inexpensive for the organization and are the easy ways to gain the support of adversaries. In addition to this sometimes this method can demonstrate that if they note this, can be sing of tricked or used. Once discovered the agent creditability may drop to cero and in the future might be a sign of confrontation and retaliation. Coercion The coercion tactic can be used to deal with the resistance fact, involves the use of different threats or force against the resisters. According to Stephen Robbins,ÂÂ  Organizational Behaviour, different organizational methods as coercion sometimes involves the use of bad recommendations and negative perform evaluation. This method should only be used when speed is of the essence or when the other person themselves has taken to public and damaging actions. Those methods listed above show the importance of management and the correct use of it. In addition to this tactics, the resistance of change in organization has different approaches that show the incursion of several strategies can be completely illegal and may undetermined change agents credibility. Being this stops the improvements in the organization. Conclusions Organizations operate in multiple environments, as a temporal, external and internal. They key task for organizations is work through a series of process or steps for mediate the impact of different factor to evaluate. Achieving External adaptation and internal integration. In addition to this, they need to anticipate and give opportunities to eliminate any possible problem or unpredictable surprises. In conclusion to this change is a very important factor to keep in mind, because if the organization doesnt have the knowledge to achieving o good process. The company can be affected and damaging the develop of a company. For that reason the implementation of strategies that allow risk evaluation and possible changes must be planned before the execution of any kind of process. Finally the use of tactics to prevent the resistance of company, while is in changing process is vital for the correct use and future develop. Because, demonstrate that organizational changes are crucial factors that involve the moral as a key to be fair with the others and the correct use of managing for good of an organization. Resistance to Change in an Organisation Resistance to Change in an Organisation Develop a plan to address below the surface resistance to change. With the research you have done so far in the course, how would you, as a manager, facilitate and manage a major change in your organization? Our company has established procedures and policies created from both a technological perspective (how to do the task) to mutual agreements with the staff leading to policies on expected behaviour etc. For changes and improvements to be successfully implemented, there needs to be not only compliance, but buy-in from staff. In order to implement a major change, a project team would be created. In the NHS, it is often standard to employ the Prince2 project management framework and depending on the nature of the project, this approach would be the probable method. Assembling the optimum project team with the correct skill mix is paramount to the successful execution and implementation of the project. Bareil (2013), defined resistance to change as a change-specific behavioural response towards a change initiative normally identified by a leader and identified it as the primary reason for change failures. Maurer (1996) described resistance as an inevitable response to change as individuals felt compelled to maintain the status quo especially if they fail to understand the rationale behind the changes in question. Maurer focussed on the poor presentation of changes as being a more significant catalyst for resistance outlining that the assumption of the manager that their change is the only possible direction and the concept that the workforce must be forced to comply would promote resistance among organisation members. According to Kruger, (xxxx), the principle issue is the established personnel change barriers which require recognition in order to be dealt with effectively. These may be company wide i.e. endemic across the workforce especially in climates with strong culture. In order to demonstrate the issue, Kruger developed a pictorial representation-the Change Management Iceberg which displays the evident and more importantly, the unseen barriers to changes within a company. Kruger lists three management issues that must be addressed in order to achieve successful implementation- Issue Management, Management of Perceptions and Beliefs and Power and Politics Management. Issue Management: This represents the top of the iceberg. Key factors are time, cost and quality. Management of Perceptions and Beliefs: It is essential to have an empathy for both the evident and covert perceptions of the workforce. Power and Politics Management: These can play a pivotal role in the change process and can influence the perceptions and beliefs significantly. According to McPheat (2014), the optimum approach is to recognise that the change will impact on all personnel at every level within the company and that they will inevitably align into one of four types: Promoters-employees who will support the changes and buy-in. Potential promoters-probable recruits to the cause however may require further convincing. Opponents-those who visibly oppose the change Hidden opponents-those who verbally support the changes however secretly oppose it. This suggests that one of the primary focuses is to develop trust and promote an honest transparency by which to increase buy-in. Middaugh and Robertson (2005) wrote that in order to succeed politically, it is imperative to use expertise wisely, in order to persuade others to buy-in. To empathize with other individuals perceptions of the managers expertise. A manager may consider something to be obvious however understanding that others may not see it as so, facilitates dialogue and change. Involving staff in the implementation of change is paramount to success. Trust cannot be assumed and is developed over a period of time. Showing integrity, treating people fairly and keeping promises over a period of time will build a healthy culture based on trust. Half (2016) suggested that it was imperative to focus on the benefits of the team in the workplace in order to persuade the employees to buy in and outlined the key points to emphasize. There are tangible benefits that are unique to each team that can be bought to the table. If the goal of the team is clearly stated along with the means by which the individual members can contribute, buy-in is more probable. The assignment requires clarity and transparency. The importance and significance of the change needs to be emphasized along with the level of prioritisation against the existing workload. Exception reporting needs to be explained so if help is required, it can be sought. Prioritisation aside, knee-jerk reactions and decisions are to be avoided and reflection advised as there may be a cosmopolitan make-up in the teams construct and empathy and understanding must be the norm to avoid conflict within the team. References: Bareil, C., (2013). Two Paradigms about resistance to change. Organization Development Journal.31.3 (Fall 2013): 59-71. Half, R., (2016, April 29). How (and why) to get employee buy-in. Retrieved March 04, 2017, from https://www.roberthalf.com/employers/hiring-advice/employee-retention/teamwork/team-buy-in Maurer, R., (1996). Using resistance to build support for change. The Journal for Quality and Participation.19.3 (Jun 1996): 56. McPheat, S., (2014, July 03). The change management iceberg. Retrieved March 04, 2017, from http://www.mtdtraining.com/blog/change-management-iceberg.htm Middaugh, D., Robertson, R. (2005). Politics in the workplace. Medsurg Nursing.14.6 (Dec 2005): 393-4.